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Infantile esotropia is an ocular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward. It is a specific sub-type of esotropia and has been a subject of much debate amongst ophthalmologists with regard to its naming, diagnostic features, and treatment. == Name and features == Historically the term 'congenital strabismus' was used to describe constant esotropias with onset between birth and six months of age. However, this term was felt to be an inadequate classification as it covered a variety of esotropias with different causes, features and prognoses. In 1988, American ophthalmologist Gunter K. Von Noorden discussed what he described as 'Essential Infantile Esotropia'.〔von Noorden G.k.; A Reassessment of Infantile esotropia. XLIV Edward jackson Memorial lecture; American Journal of Ophthalmology, 1988; 105:1-10 〕 He described the condition as: and identified this squint sub-type as having the following features: # Onset between birth and six months of age. # Large size (greater than 30 dioptres) # Stable size # Not associated with abnormalities of the central nervous system. # Often associated with defective abduction (outward movement) and excessive adduction (inward movement) of the eyes. # Also associated with oblique muscle dysfunction and Dissociated Vertical Deviation. # Initial alternation of the squint present with crossed fixation, i.e. the affected individual uses the left eye to look right and the right eye to look left. # Limited potential for binocular vision. The same condition had also previously been described by other ophthalmologists, notably Cianca (1962) who named it Cianca's Syndrome and noted the presence of manifest latent nystagmus, and Lang (1968) who called it Congenital Esotropia Syndrome and noted the presence of abnormal head postures. In both cases, however, the essential characteristics were the same, but with emphasis placed on different elements of the condition. Helveston (1993) further clarified and expanded upon von Noorden's work, and incorporated the work of both Lang and Cianca into his summary of the characteristics of the condition: # Esotropia between 10 and 90 dioptres in size # Either alternation or fixation preference may be present (if the latter then amblyopia may result). # Neurologically normal. # Hyperopic correction does not eliminate or significantly reduce the squint size. # Frequent nystagmus (latent or manifest latent). # The patient may or may not have any or all of the following associated conditions: Oblique muscle dysfunction, vertical incomitance, dissociated vertical deviation, asymmetric optokinetic nystagmus, torticollis. # Presence will be 'confirmed' by six months. # Best treatment results in subnormal binocular vision. The expressions ''congenital esotropia'', ''infantile esoptropia'', ''idiopathic infantile esotropia'' and ''essential infantile esotropia'' are often used interchangeably. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「infantile esotropia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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